A History of School Design and Its Indoor Environmental Standards, 1900 to Today

This report traces how school buildings in the U.S. have been designed and constructed from the early 1900s to the present day, with a particular focus on how indoor environmental factors—such as lighting, ventilation, acoustics, and thermal comfort—have been addressed over time. Drawing on historical trends, policy changes, and evolving public health and education theories, the report illustrates how different generations prioritized distinct aspects of school environments. The author demonstrates that changes in technology and pedagogical goals have consistently shaped how schools are built, and that many modern concerns—like air quality and student comfort—are part of a long-standing conversation. The report helps facility planners, researchers, and education leaders understand the historical roots of current design standards and offers a contextual framework for improving future learning environments.