School Facilities: Physical Conditions in School Districts Receiving Impact Aid for Students Residing on Indian Lands

This report assesses the physical condition of school facilities in districts receiving federal Impact Aid for students residing on Indian lands. Drawing from survey responses and site visits, the U.S. Government Accountability Office found that nearly two-thirds of districts serving these students reported at least one building in poor condition. Many reported needing major repairs or complete replacements for key systems, such as plumbing, roofing, and HVAC. The report also examines how these facility conditions may hinder academic achievement and how districts are challenged by limited access to state or local funding. This report is important for policymakers, tribal leaders, and federal agencies seeking to understand infrastructure disparities that affect Native students. It calls attention to the need for targeted support and oversight to improve learning environments in these federally impacted communities, where state resources may be insufficient and aging infrastructure continues to pose safety and educational concerns.