Shade Provision in Public Playgrounds for Thermal Safety and Sun Protection: A Case Study across 100 Play Ppaces in the United States

This study provides an overview of a safety assessment of playgrounds in the United States, specifically investigating 103 public playgrounds to understand the relationship between surface-to-air temperatures of installed surfacing materials and the prevalence of shade during peak midday hours. Outdoor recreational spaces for children are a highly valued aspect of society that supports child well-being. However, many important health considerations, such as surface temperatures and ultraviolet radiation exposure, are neglected in traditional playground safety initiatives, which may impact children’s exposures during play. Results from this study demonstrate that natural surface materials resulted in moderated temperatures relative to ambient temperature, while artificial surfaces resulted in higher surface temperatures than ambient. Minimal shading was encountered; 67 percent of the playgrounds visited were not shaded between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. This case study provides critical insight, discussion, and novel questions pertaining to the holistic consideration of numerous aspects of playground safety, which can mutually support social and ecological values while providing health co-benefits. Not only are important health risks, such as sunburns and temperature extremes, ignored in current playground safety guidelines, but much of the essential information is not available to the end-users making design decisions that may affect the safety and active play experience for the users. The results strongly motivate future large-scale studies assessing the influence of design on ambient exposures and emphasize that bioclimatic principles and greenspace have a central role in playground design.